Historical and cultural problems of northern countries and regions ¹ 3 (27), 2014
Historical and cultural problems
of northern countries and regions
Scientific articles
Administrative and exiles "politicians"
in the Komi region in the 1920s
Dobronozhenko G.F.1
Abstract
Administrative exile as a special component of the punitive system was exercised in the Soviet Russia from 1920s to the early 1950s on persons, who had not committed any crimes, but were identified by the government as ideological adversaries (”enemies”) to the Soviet regime. The author defines the distinct features of two types of political exile: (1) exile (special relocation, deportation) as a means for the government to coerce grouped political adversaries based on class or ethnic attributes and (2) was exile as a sentence for personal identity regarding individuals perceived as “anti-Soviet”, “counter-revolutionary” and “socially dangerous”.
The target of the study is the administrative exile institution of 1920s as a form of repression for personal social status.
The significance of the study is determined by its scientific and educational utility. As other studies mostly focus on the more “harsh” means of repression (special relocations and deportations, prisons, camps, and executions by a firing squad), the history of exile as a means of repression aimed at an individual remains at the fringes of historians’ interest.
The description of the main categories of exiles, as characterized by historians based on the analysis of the legislation and regulations covering the pool of exiles, the categories and types of “crimes” warranting administrative exile, noticeably misrepresents the quantity and structure of the exiled element, signifying the study of exile to certain regions of the country.
The objective of the article is to study one of the most numerous categories of exiles – the “politicals”, consisting of leftist political activists: social democrats, social revolutionaries, anarchists, members of national socialist parties and organizations (including the Zionists), and all opposing the VKP(b).
The addition into scientific circulation of documents from regional OGPU authorities and private sources through the courtesy of the “Political Prisoner’s Relief” organization, allowed the author to form nominal lists and brief biographies for the exiled, and to examine the numbers change dynamics for the main “politicals” categories, their nationalities and age, and the exiles’ relocation sites. As demonstrated, in 1920s, an exile was either a prologue or an epilogue to a concentration camp.
Keywords: extrajudicial political repressions, Soviet exile, Special Council of the OGPU, Political Prisoner’s Relief (“Pompolit”), political ward, the Solovki concentration camp.
1Dr. Sci. (History), Head of the Department of History, Political and Social sciences, Syktyvkar State University, Oktiabr'skii ave., 55, 167001, Syktyvkar, Russian Federation.
E-mail: g_dobronozhenko@mail.ru
References
1. «Tiur'ma bez reshetok» strany Sovetov. Dokumenty i materialy o politssylke 20–30-kh gg. ["Prison without bars" of Soviet country. Documents and materials of political exile 1920-30s.]. Pokaianie: Martirolog [Repentance: Martyrology]. Syktyvkar, vol. 3, 2000.
2. Batser D.M. Solovetskii iskhod [Solovetsky exodus]. Zven'ia: Istoricheskii al'manakh [Links: Historical Almanac]. Moscow, 1991, no. 1. pp. 288–298.
3. Bogdanova N.B. Moi otets – men'shevik [My father - the Menshevik]. St. Petersburg, 1994. pp. 114–121.
4. Bogdanova N.B., Il'iashchuk G.I., Miller V.I. Bogdanov Boris Osipovich [Bogdanov Boris Osipovich]. Politicheskie deiateli Rossii 1917: Biograficheskii slovar' [Politicians of Russia 1917: A Biographical Dictionary]. Moscow, 1993. p. 152.
5. Vysylka vmesto rasstrela. Deportatsiia intelligentsii v dokumentakh VChK-GPU. 1921–1923 [Expulsion instead of shooting. The deportation of the intelligentsia in the documents of the Cheka-GPU. 1921-1923]. Moscow, Russkii put' Publ., 2005. pp. 461, 462.
6. State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF). Fund 8409, Inventory 1.
7. National Archive of the Republic of Komi (GURK NARK), Fund P-1, Inventory 1.
8. National Archive of the Republic of Komi (GURK NARK), Fund P-1, Inventory 2.
9. National Archive of the Republic of Komi (GURK NARK), Fund R-3, Inventory 1, File 296, fols. 87-100.
10. National Archive of the Republic of Komi (GURK NARK), Fund R-398, Inventory 1, File 448, fols. 4, 7, 8.
11. National Archive of the Republic of Komi (GURK NARK), Fund R-465, Inventory 1.
12. National Archive of the Republic of Komi (GURK NARK), Fund R-5, Inventory 1, File 355, fols. 12, 29v.
13. National Archive of the Republic of Komi (GURK NARK), Fund P-618, Inventory 1.
14. National Archive of the Republic of Komi (GURK NARK), Fund R-8, Inventory 1, File 508, fol. 19.
15. Dobronozhenko G.F. Administrativno-ssyl'nye sionisty v Komi oblasti (1925–1928 gg.) [Administrative exiles zionists in the Komi region (1925-1928)]. Dvadtsataia godichnaia sessiia Uchenogo soveta Syktyvkarskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta (Fevral'skie chteniia): sbornik materialov [The twentieth annual session of the Scientific Council of Syktyvkar State University (February reading): collection of materials]. Syktyvkar, Electronic edition, 2013. pp. 243–250.
16. Zherebtsov I.L. Taskaev M.V. A.G. Beloborodov v komi ssylke [A.G. Beloborodov in the Komi exile]. Politicheskie repressii i soprotivlenie nesvobode: Materialy Vserossiiskoi nauchnoi konferentsii [Political repression and the resistance to unfreedom: Proceedings Russian scientific conference]. Syktyvkar, 2009. pp. 83–85.
17. Zherebtsov I.L., Taskaev M.V. Ust'-kulomskii adresat Trotskogo [The Ust-Kulom addressee of Trotsky]. Respublika [The Republic newspaper]. 2010 (24 april).
18. Zherebtsov I.L., Maksimova L.A., Taskaev M.V., Ignatova N.M. Ocherki po istorii politicheskikh repressii v Komi. Uchebnoe posobie dlia studentov vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii [Essays on the history of political repression in the Komi Republic. Textbook for university students]. Syktyvkar. Fond «Pokaianie» Publ., 2006.
19. Izgnanniki v svoei strane: pis'ma iz sovetskoi ssylki 1920–1930-kh godov. Po dokumentam fonda «E.P. Peshkova. Pomoshch' politicheskim zakliuchennym» [Exiles in their own country: letters from the Soviet exile of 1920-1930. According to documents of Fund "E.P. Peshkov. Assistance to political prisoners"]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 2008. p. 112.
20. Interv'iu s Ia. Meerovym (D.M. Batserom). Besedu vel T. Sonin (A.Iu. Daniel') [Interview with Ia. Meerovym (D.M. Batserom). Interviewed by T. Sonin (A.Iu. Daniel')]. Minuvshee. Istoricheskii al'manakh [The past. Historical almanac]. Vyp.7. Paris, 1989, no. 7. pp. 232-241. Reprint: Moscow, 1992.
21. Kniga pamiati zhertv politicheskikh repressii Irkutskoi oblasti [Book of Remembrance of the Victims of Political Repression of the Irkutsk region]. Available at: http://memorial.ru/memorial; Kniga Pamiati "Repressirovannaia Rossiia" [Book of Memory "Repressed Russia"]. Available at: http://rosagr.natm.ru/memorybook.php.
22. Krasil'nikov S.A., Pystina L.I., Salamatova M.S., Sheikhetov S.V. Vvedenie [Introduction]. Marginaly v sotsiume. Marginaly kak sotsium. Sibir' (1920–1930-e gody) [Marginalized in society. Marginalized as society. Siberia (1920-1930's)]. Novosibirsk, 2007, Ed. 2nd. p. 12.
23. Krylov-Tolstikov A. Russkie vrachi XVIII – nachala XX stoletii. Kratkii meditsinskii biograficheskii slovar' [Russian doctors XVIII - early XX centuries. Brief medical biographical dictionary]. Available at: http://www.proza.ru/2012/12/27/678.
24. Liudi i sud'by. Bibliograficheskii slovar' vostokovedov – zhertv politicheskogo terrora v sovetskii period [People and destinies. Bibliographical Dictionary of Orientalists - victims of political terror in the Soviet period]. St. Petersburg, 2003. Available at: http://memory.pvost.org/pages/vizel.html.
25. Materialy k biograficheskomu slovariu sotsialistov i anarkhistov, NIPTs “Memorial” [Materials for the biographical dictionary of socialists and anarchists, NIPTS "Memorial"]. Available at: http://pkk.memo.ru/index.html.
26. Matsuk M.A. Dokumenty arkhiva MVD Respubliki Komi kak istochnik po istorii Russkoi Pravoslavnoi Tserkvi kontsa 20-kh – serediny 30-kh gg. XX v. [Documents from the archive of the Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Komi as a source on the history of the Russian Orthodox Church of the late 20's - mid 30-ies of XX century]. Voprosy sotsial'no-politicheskoi i sotsial'no-ekonomicheskoi istorii Respubliki Komi XX veka. Trudy Instituta iazyka, literatury i istorii Komi NTs UrO RAN [Issues of socio-political and socio-economic history of the Komi Republic of the XX century. Proceedings of the Institute of Language, Literature and History, Komi Science Centre]. Syktyvkar, 1996, vol. 61. pp. 113-115.
27. Mozokhin O.B. Pravo na repressii. Vnesudebnye polnomochiia organov gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti. Statisticheskie svedeniia o deiatel'nosti VChK-OGPU-NKVD-MGB SSSR (1918–1953) [Right to repression. Extrajudicial powers of state security. Statistical information on the activities of the Cheka-OGPU-NKVD-MGB USSR (1918-1953)]. Moscow, 2011.
28. Morozov K.N. Cudebnyi protsess sotsialistov-revoliutsionerov i tiuremnoe protivostoianie (1922–1926): etika i taktika protivoborstva [The Trial process of the Socialist-Revolutionaries and jail opposition (1922-1926): ethics and tactics of confrontation]. Moscow, ROSSPEN Publ., 2005. p. 126.
29. Preprovoditel'naia zapiska I.S. Unshlikhta I.V. Stalinu s prilozheniem protokola zasedaniia Komissii Politbiuro TsK RKP (b) i spiskov deiatelei intelligentsii, podlezhashchikh vysylke ot 2 avgusta 1922 g. [Transmittal Note I.S. Unshlikht to I.V. Stalin with the application protocol of the meeting of the Commission of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) and lists of activists of the intelligentsia being liable for removal from August 2, 1922]. Available at: http://www.hrono.ru/dokum/192_dok/19220802unsh.html.
30. Rogachev M.B. «Krov'mi istinu sobliudshiia» ["The blood of the truth save"]. Pokaianie: Martirolog [Repentance: Martyrology]. Syktyvkar, 2005, vol. 7.
31. Rogachev M.B. Repressirovannoe pravoslavnoe dukhovenstvo i monashestvo Komi kraia. Biograficheskii spravochnik. Prilozhenie k martirologu «Pokaianie» [Repressed Orthodox clergy and monks of the Komi region. Biographical Directory. Annex to the martyrology "Repentance"]. Syktyvkar, 2005, vol. 4.
32. Rogachev M.B., Taskaev M.V. Krestnyi put'. Tragediia russkoi pravoslavnoi tserkvi. 20–30-e gody [Way of the Cross. The tragedy of the Russian Orthodox Church. 20-30s].Pokaianie: Martirolog [Repentance: Martyrology]. Syktyvkar, 1998, vol. 1.
33. Sobranie uzakonenii RSFSR [Assembly of Statutes of the RSFSR]. 1922, no. 51. Art. 646.
34. Til' T.I. (Batser D.M.) Sotsial-demokraticheskoe dvizhenie molodezhi 1920-kh godov [Social democratic movement of youth of the 1920s]. Pamiat'. Istoricheskii sbornik [Memory. Historical collection]. Paris, IMKA-press Publ., 1980, vol. 3.
35. Fligel' I.A. Sud'ba men'shevika. Vospominaniia solovetskikh uznikov [The fate of the Menshevik. Memories of Solovki prisoners]. Available at: http://solovki-monastyr.ru
36. Morozov N.A., Azarov O.I., Kyz'iurov L.A., Poleshchikov V.M., Rogachev M.B., Taskaev M.V. Khronika politicheskikh repressii v Komi krae. 1918–1960 gg. [Chronicle of political repression in the Komi region. 1918-1960]. Pokaianie: Martirolog [Repentance: Martyrology]. Syktyvkar, 2000, vol. 3. p. 43.
37. Iansen M. Sud bez suda. 1922 g. Pokazatel'nyi protsess sotsialistov-revoliutsionerov [Court without trial. 1922. Show trial of the Socialist-Revolutionaries]. Moscow, 1993. pp. 197, 215.
At a reprint of the original materials is obligatory reference to the
"Historical and cultural problems of northern countries and regions"
